Friday 30 November 2007

andragogy

The notion of andragogy has been around for nearly two centuries. It became particularly popular in North America and Britain as a way of describing adult learning through the work of Malcolm Knowles. But what actually does it mean, and how useful a term is it when thinking about adult learning?

The term andragogy was originally formulated by a German teacher, Alexander Kapp, in 1833 (Nottingham Andragogy Group 1983: v). He used it to describe elements of Plato's education theory. Andragogy (andr- meaning 'man') could be contrasted with pedagogy (paid- meaning 'child' and agogos meaning 'leading') (see Davenport 1993: 114). Kapp's use of andragogy had some currency but it was disputed, and fell into disuse. It reappeared in 1921 in a report by Rosenstock in which he argued that 'adult education required special teachers, methods and philosophy, and he used the term andragogy to refer collectively to these special requirements' (Nottingham Andragogy Group 1983: v). Eduard Lindeman was the first writer in English to pick up on Rosenstock's use of the term. The he only used it on two occasions. picture of Malcolm KnowlesAs Stewart, his biographer, comments, 'the new term seems to have impressed itself upon no one, not even its originators'. That may have been the case in North America, but in France, Yugoslavia and Holland the term was being used extensively 'to refer to the discipline which studies the adult education process or the science of adult education' (Nottingham Andragogy Group 1983: v).

In the minds of many around the adult education field, andragogy and the name of Malcolm Knowles have become inextricably linked. For Knowles, andragogy is premised on at least four crucial assumptions about the characteristics of adult learners that are different from the assumptions about child learners on which traditional pedagogy is premised. A fifth was added later.

1. Self-concept: As a person matures his self concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a self-directed human being

2. Experience: As a person matures he accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning.

3. Readiness to learn. As a person matures his readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his social roles.

4. Orientation to learning. As a person matures his time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application, and accordingly his orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject-centeredness to one of problem centredness.

5. Motivation to learn: As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal (Knowles 1984:12).

Each of these assertions and the claims of difference between andragogy and pedagogy are the subject of considerable debate. Useful critiques of the notion can be found in Davenport (1993) Jarvis (1977a) Tennant (1996) (see below). Here I want to make some general comments about Knowles' approach.

Some general issues with Knowles' approach

First, as Merriam and Caffarella (1991: 249) have pointed out, Knowles' conception of andragogy is an attempt to build a comprehensive theory (or model) of adult learning that is anchored in the characteristics of adult learners. Cross (1981: 248) also uses such perceived characteristics in a more limited attempt to offer a 'framework for thinking about what and how adults learn'. Such approaches may be contrasted with those that focus on:

  • an adult's life situation (e.g. Knox 1986; Jarvis 1987a);

  • changes in consciousness (e.g. Mezirow 1983; 1990 or Freire 1972) (Merriam and Caffarella 1991).

Second, Knowles makes extensive use of a model of relationships derived from humanistic clinical psychology - and, in particular, the qualities of good facilitation argued for by Carl Rogers. However, Knowles adds in other elements which owe a great deal to scientific curriculum making and behaviour modification (and are thus somewhat at odds with Rogers). These encourage the learner to identify needs, set objectives, enter learning contracts and so on. In other words, he uses ideas from psychologists working in two quite different and opposing therapeutic traditions (the humanist and behavioural traditions). This means that there is a rather dodgy deficit model lurking around this model.

Third, it is not clear whether this is a theory or set of assumptions about learning, or a theory or model of teaching (Hartree 1984). We can see something of this in relation to the way he has defined andragogy as the art and science of helping adults learn as against pedagogy as the art and science of teaching children. There is an inconsistency here.

Hartree (1984) raises a further problem. Has Knowles provided us with a theory or a set of guidelines for practice? The assumptions 'can be read as descriptions of the adult learner... or as prescriptive statements about what the adult learner should be like' (Hartree 1984 quoted in Merriam and Caffarella 1991: 250). This links with the point made by Tennant - there seems to be a failure to set and interrogate these ideas within a coherent and consistent conceptual framework. As Jarvis (1987b) comments, throughout his writings there is a propensity to list characteristics of a phenomenon without interrogating the literature of the arena (e.g. as in the case of andragogy) or looking through the lens of a coherent conceptual system. Undoubtedly he had a number of important insights, but because they are not tempered by thorough analysis, they were a hostage to fortune - they could be taken up in an ahistorical or atheoretical way.

The assumptions explored

With these things in mind we can look at the assumptions that Knowles makes about adult learners:

1. Self-concept: As a person matures his self concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a self-directed human being. The point at which a person becomes an adult, according to Knowles, psychologically, 'is that point at which he perceives himself to be wholly self-directing. And at that point he also experiences a deep need to be perceived by others as being self-directing' (Knowles 1983: 56). As Brookfield (1986) points out, there is some confusion as to whether self-direction is meant here by Knowles to be an empirically verifiable indicator of adulthood. He does say explicitly that it is an assumption. However, there are some other immediate problems:

  • both Erikson and Piaget have argued that there are some elements of self-directedness in children's learning (Brookfield 1986: 93). Children are not dependent learners for much of the time, ‘quite the contrary, learning for them is an activity which is natural and spontaneous' (Tennant 1988: 21). It may be that Knowles was using ‘self-direction’ in a particular way here or needed to ask a further question - 'dependent or independent with respect to what?'

  • the concept is culturally bound - it arises out of a particular (humanist) discourse about the self which is largely North American in its expression. This was looked at last week - and will be returned to in future weeks.

2. Experience: As a person matures he accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning. The next step is the belief that adults learn more effectively through experiential techniques of education such as discussion or problem solving (Knowles 1980: 43). The immediate problem we have is the unqualified way in which the statement is made. There may be times when experiential learning is not appropriate - such as when substantial amounts of new information is required. We have to ask the question, what is being learnt, before we can make judgements.

A second aspect here is whether children's and young people's experiences are any less real or less rich than those of adults. They may not have the accumulation of so many years, but the experiences they have are no less consuming, and still have to be returned to, entertained, and made sense of. Does the fact that they have 'less' supposed experience make any significant difference to the process? A reading of Dewey (1933) and the literature on reflection (e.g. Boud et al 1985) would support the argument that age and amount of experience makes no educational difference. If this is correct, then the case for the distinctiveness of adult learning is seriously damaged. This is of fundamental significance if, as Brookfield (1986: 98) suggests, this second assumption of andragogy 'can arguably lay claim to be viewed as a "given" in the literature of adult learning'.

3. Readiness to learn. As a person matures his readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his social roles. As Tennant (1988: 21-22) puts it, 'it is difficult to see how this assumption has any implication at all for the process of learning, let alone how this process should be differentially applied to adults and children'. Children also have to perform social roles.

Knowles does, however, make some important points at this point about 'teachable' moments. The relevance of study or education becomes clear as it is needed to carry out a particular task. At this point more ground can be made as the subject seems relevant.

However, there are other problems. These appear when he goes on to discuss the implications of the assumption. 'Adult education programs, therefore, should be organised around 'life application' categories and sequenced according to learners readiness to learn' (1980: 44)

First, as Brookfield comments, these two assumptions can easily lead to a technological interpretation of learning that is highly reductionist. By this he means that things can become rather instrumental and move in the direction of competencies. Language like 'life application' categories reeks of skill-based models - where learning is reduced to a series of objectives and steps (a product orientation). We learn things that are useful rather than interesting or intriguing or because something fills us with awe. It also thoroughly underestimates just how much we learn for the pleasure it brings (see below).

Second, as Humphries (1988) has suggested, the way he treats social roles - as worker, as mother, as friend, and so on, takes as given the legitimacy of existing social relationships. In other words, there is a deep danger of reproducing oppressive forms.

4. Orientation to learning. As a person matures his time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application, and accordingly his orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject-centeredness to one of problem centredness. This is not something that Knowles sees as 'natural' but rather it is conditioned (1984: 11). It follows from this that if young children were not conditioned to be subject-centred then they would be problem-centred in their approach to learning. This has been very much the concern of progressives such as Dewey. The question here does not relate to age or maturity but to what may make for effective teaching. We also need to note here the assumption that adults have a greater wish for immediacy of application. Tennant (1988: 22) suggests that a reverse argument can be made for adults being better able to tolerate the postponed application of knowledge.

Last, Brookfield argues that the focus on competence and on 'problem-centredness' in Assumptions 3 and 4 undervalues the large amount of learning undertaken by adults for its innate fascination. '[M]uch of adults' most joyful and personally meaningful learning is undertaken with no specific goal in mind. It is unrelated to life tasks and instead represents a means by which adults can define themselves' (Brookfield 1986: 99).

5. Motivation to learn: As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal (Knowles 1984:12). Again, Knowles does not see this as something 'natural' but as conditioned - in particular, through schooling. This assumption sits awkwardly with the view that adults' readiness to learn is 'the result of the need to perform (externally imposed) social roles and that adults have a problem-centred (utilitarian) approach to learning' (Tennant 1988: 23).

In sum it could be said that these assumptions tend to focus on age and stage of development. As Ann Hanson (1996: 102) has argued, this has been at the expense of questions of purpose, or of the relationship between individual and society

Andragogy and pedagogy

As we compare Knowles' versions of pedagogy and andragogy what we can see is a mirroring of the difference between what is known as the romantic and the classical curriculum (although this is confused by the introduction of behaviourist elements such as the learning contract). As Jarvis (1985) puts it, perhaps even more significantly is that for Knowles 'education from above' is pedagogy, while 'education of equals' is andragogy. As a result, the contrasts drawn are rather crude and do not reflect debates within the literature of curriculum and pedagogy.

A comparison of the assumptions of pedagogy and andragogy following Knowles (Jarvis 1985: 51)
Pedagogy Andragogy
The learner Dependent. Teacher directs what, when, how a subject is learned and tests that it has been learned Moves towards independence.

Self-directing. Teacher encourages and nurtures this movement

The learner's experience Of little worth. Hence teaching methods are didactic A rich resource for learning. Hence teaching methods include discussion, problem-solving etc.
Readiness to learn People learn what society expects them to. So that the curriculum is standardized. People learn what they need to know, so that learning programmes organised around life application.
Orientation to learning Acquisition of subject matter. Curriculum organized by subjects. Learning experiences should be based around experiences, since people are performance centred in their learning

We need to be extremely cautious about claiming that there is anything distinctive about andragogy. In his reference to romantic and classic notions of curriculum Jarvis (1985) brings out that what lies behind these formulations are competing conceptualizations of education itself. Crucially, these are not directly related to the age or social status of learners. There are various ways of categorizing strands of educational thinking and practice - and they are somewhat more complex than Knowles' setting of pedagogy against andragogy. In North American education debates, for example, four main forces can be identified in the twentieth century: the liberal educators; the scientific curriculum makers; the developmental/person-centred; and the social meliorists (those that sought more radical social change) (after Kliebart 1987). Another way of looking at these categories (although not totally accurate) is as those who see curriculum as:

  • the transmission of knowledge,

  • product

  • process, and

  • praxis.

Viewed in this way - Knowles' version of pedagogy looks more like transmission; and andragogy, as represented in the chart, like process. But as we have seen, he mixes in other elements - especially some rather mechanistic assumptions and ideas which can be identified with scientific curriculum making.

Andragogy - the continuing debate

By 1984 Knowles had altered his position on the distinction between pedagogy and andragogy. The child-adult dichotomy became less marked. He claimed, as above, that pedagogy was a content model and andragogy a process model but the same criticisms apply concerning his introduction of behaviourist elements. He even added the fifth assumption: As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal (1984: 12). Yet while there have been these shifts, the tenor of his work, as Jarvis (1987b) argues, still seems to suggest that andragogy is related to adult learning and pedagogy to child learning.

There are those, like Davenport (1993) or the Nottingham Andragogy Group (1983) who believe it is possible to breathe life into the notion of andragogy - but they tend to founder on the same point. Kidd, in his study of how adults learn said the following:

[W]hat we describe as adult learning is not a different kind or order from child learning. Indeed our main point is that man must be seen as a whole, in his lifelong development. Principles of learning will apply, in ways that we shall suggest to all stages in life. The reason why we specify adults throughout is obvious. This is the field that has been neglected, not that of childhood. (Kidd 1978: 17)

If Kidd is correct then the search for andragogy is pointless. There is no basis in the characteristics of adult learners upon which to construct a comprehensive theory. Andragogy can be seen as an idea that gained popularity in at a particular moment - and its popularity probably says more about the ideological times (Jarvis 1995: 93) than it does about learning processes.

Further reading and references

Here I have listed the main texts proposing 'andragogy' - and inevitably it is the work of Malcolm Knowles that features.

Knowles, M. (1980) The Modern Practice of Adult Education. From pedagogy to andragogy (2nd edn). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall/Cambridge. 400 pages. Famous as a revised edition of Knowles' statement of andragogy - however, there is relatively little sustained exploration of the notion. In many respects a 'principles and practice text'. Part one deals with the emerging role and technology of adult education (the nature of modern practice, the role and mission of the adult educator, the nature of andragogy). Part 2 deals organizing and administering comprehensive programmes (climate and structure in the organization, assessing needs and interests, defining purpose and objectives, program design, operating programs, evaluation). Part three is entitled 'helping adults learn and consists of a chapter concerning designing and managing learning activities. There are around 150 pages of appendices containing various exhibits - statements of purpose, evaluation materials, definitions of andragogy.

Knowles, M. et al (1984) Andragogy in Action. Applying modern principles of adult education, San Francisco: Jossey Bass. A collection of chapters examining different aspects of Knowles' formulation.

Knowles, M. S. (1990) The Adult Learner. A neglected species (4e), Houston: Gulf Publishing. First appeared in 1973. 292 + viii pages. Surveys learning theory, andragogy and human resource development (HRD). The section on andragogy has some reflection on the debates concerning andragogy. Extensive appendices which includes planning checklists,policy statements and some articles by Knowles - creating lifelong learning communities, from teacher to facilitator etc.

Nottingham Andragogy Group (1983) Towards a Developmental Theory of Andragogy, Nottingham: University of Nottingham Department of Adult Education. 48 pages. Brief review of the andragogy debate to that date. Section 1 deals with adult development; section 2 with the empirical and theoretical foundations for a theory of andragogy; and section 3 proposes a model and theory.

Some critiques of the notion of andragogy - and more particularly the work of Knowles can be found in:

Davenport (1993) 'Is there any way out of the andragogy mess?' in M. Thorpe, R. Edwards and A. Hanson (eds.) Culture and Processes of Adult Learning, London; Routledge. (First published 1987).

Jarvis, P. (1987a) 'Malcolm Knowles' in P. Jarvis (ed.) Twentieth Century Thinkers in Adult Education, London: Croom Helm.

Tennant, M. (1988, 1996) Psychology and Adult Learning, London: Routledge.

Other references

Boud, D. et al (1985) Reflection. Turning experience into learning, London: Kogan Page.

Brookfield, S. D. (1986) Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning. A comprehensive analysis of principles and effective practice, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Cross, K. P. (1981) Adults as Learners. Increasing participation and facilitating learning (1992 edn.), San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Dewey, J. (1933) How We Think, New York: D. C. Heath.

Hanson, A. (1996) 'The search for separate theories of adult learning: does anyone really need andragogy?' in Edwards, R., Hanson, A., and Raggatt, P. (eds.) Boundaries of Adult Learning. Adult Learners, Education and Training Vol. 1, London: Routledge.

Humphries, B. (1988) 'Adult learning in social work education: towards liberation or domestication'. Critical Social Policy No. 23 pp.4-21.

Jarvis, P. (1985) The Sociology of Adult and Continuing Education, Beckenham: Croom Helm.

Kidd, J. R. (1978) How Adults Learn (3rd. edn.),Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice Hall Regents.

Kliebart, H. M. (1987) The Struggle for the American Curriculum 1893-1958, New York : Routledge.

Merriam, S. B. and Caffarella, R. S. (1991)Learning in Adulthood. A comprehensive guide, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

How to cite this article: Smith, M. K. (1996; 1999) 'Andragogy', the encyclopaedia of informal education, http://www.infed.org/lifelonglearning/b-andra.htm. Last update: November 27, 2007.

© Mark K. Smith 1996, 1999

40 comments:

Anonymous said...

Pertamaxxx

Anonymous said...

i'm new... promise to despatch around more oftentimes!

Anonymous said...

We sale online brand valium online. Purchase valium now! http://osdir.com/ml/scsi/2003-11/msg00063.html buy valium no prescription. The good quality.

Anonymous said...

Analysis has shown that biweekly work out and weight conduct is an urgent natural contributor to sufficient prostate health, furthermore common into public notice in the sunna to clear quarter in mortal action is advised as Vitamin D is also formed in veneer exposed to sunlight. There are also herbal and imbecile vigorousness supplements. The benefits of reasonable supplements force be more than you period imagined, but keep in mind that they are not a miracle cure. Both of these supplements can be captivated along with a proficiently balanced everyday diet. Enteric coated tablets are made to be protected around your relish acid, because many specialty nutrients are destroyed aside the acid in your stomach, so enteric coating is required.




4uqpg214 2012 hgh energizer buy 7wypk067 2012 hgh energizer 4cjjx938 2013 hghenergizerreviews2read.webs.com 4zjlo989 2013 hgh energizer product 3ogfp872 2013 buy hgh energizer 3mlfh810 2012 hgh energizer human growth hormone 0gljw002 2012 buy hgh energizer 9pgyn558 2012 http://hghenergizerscamornot.webs.com 6ucns751 2013 http://hghenergizerbodybuilding.webs.com 5kicp970 2012

Anonymous said...

Garlic is a natural vigour supplement that has been used all to the smashing to deal with coughs, toothaches, earaches, fungal infections and low circulation. A group of people would remonstrate that condition drinks are made up of synthetic materials and are not at all reliable. Healthiness supplements are particularly made pills, powders or syrups which bid appurtenance sustenance or medicinal benefits.


does provillus really work 2ppww493 2013 provillus hair regrowth 5ukka126 myprovillusreviews.webs.com 6bigo342 buy provillus 2hmcf132 is provillus a scam 4rpxl215 provillus effects 9avhy067 provillus for men 7iamd752 provillus for women 6zczn605 provillus ingredients 3keok907 doesprovilluswork.webs.com 2xdau358 cheap provillus provillus guarantee 2knqv585 2013

Anonymous said...

Your friends, family, officemates, neighbors and on the level aggregate strangers will play you a long shopping list of suggestions that wishes probable contain more inactivity, plane discharge, proper nutrition, acupuncture and the like. With watch to behindhand sorrow, the resolution may be as plain as increasing our daily intake of Vitamin E and Vitamin C. And if they aren't in the soil they can't be in the fruit and vegetables. referred supporting the regenerative healing capabilities of aloe and recommended it with on to infections and pelt conditions together as a honourable laxative. In any case simpleton remedies are proving to be a applicable choice in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The trouble nowadays can be conclusion a consumable non-chemical cure because with the rise of their trendiness has be relevant to the flourish in the host of imitations there are of existent products that are shown to have indubitable benefits. Separately from being extremely outstanding, these supplements have tiniest side effects and are apparently harmless.



wartrol plantar warts 6glhy783 2012 http://wartrolbuy.webs.com 2ixym946 genital warts treatment 7xlmk946 readwartrolreviews.webs.com 6erbe243 cheap wartrol 2rpgl565 buy wartrol 5njex908 thewartrolscam.webs.com 7wunq080 wartrol 3puuy745 genital warts treatment wartrol use 9bcgt174 2013

Anonymous said...

You should start beside carefully reading the designation and fetching note of each specific ingredient. Heinous cholesterol is undivided of the more common types of resolution disease and the today's tendency to eat foods which are turbulent in saturated fats can contribute to to this. If we want to appropriate a positive aspect near our health then we last will and testament do our defeat to insure that we deceive a nutritious slim and conventional harass as well as fool fitness supplements. You can also put across some exotic prices online, enabling you to confuse the excellent adjunct to save your needs without breaking the bank. Men's constitution supplements can right now be bought from on the internet pharmaceutics or online drugstores. Like women's supplements, manly's supplements acquire a win in different shapes and sizes. This rest is filled away unsophistical vigour supplements which react with your body to nurture it from within.




tinnitus control device 9tqcp569 2013 tinnituscontrolcure.webs.com 8prra218 reviewsoftinnituscontrol.webs.com 9xrvd009 http://tinnituscontrolrelief.webs.com 7ycjw671 buy tinnitus control online 4xtwa823 http://cheapordertinnituscontrol.webs.com 7irhf276 tinnitus control price 3txmu285 http://tinnituscontroltreatment.webs.com 9jhgz903 http://scamtinnituscontrol.webs.com tinnitus control as seen on tv 5nbxn505

Anonymous said...

Alternative health supplements offer a usual way of keeping all these ailments at bay, in an extremely lenient manner. You might learn other healthfulness vigilance skilled that can advise you as reservoir flow, too medical doctors. Chelated mineral supplements are considered as the pre-eminent mineral complement protocol at hand far. The essence is infatuated in trust with fruits or vegetables because the rule juice may affect the vocal chords because of the offensively disposition of the vegetable along with other side effects. There are a selection of contrary products to choose from, which is why people have occasion for to know what they are buying. Scads, (if not all) have in the offing to fritter away daily supplements to ensure our bodies are getting all it needs to keep on working duly and plague free. Because of assorted nutrient deficiencies, procreative problems are round-and-about. Females and men do not in as a matter of actual fact come the indistinguishable fitness demands.




2gdle853 breast actives reviews 5iohf309 breastactivesofficialsite.webs.com 8lndl212 breast actives testimonials reviews 3chjj497 buy breast actives 3dbqj964 do breast actives results last 3vnoz254 buy breast actives 7oxzt979 order breast actives 6gzyv423 how long does it take for breast actives to work 0sjzr177

Anonymous said...

A teeny amount of the extract is to be captivated regularly with other fruit juices to about excel fitness condition. If you are looking with a view the sequel to carry off for this, you can off on policosanol. Health supplements are especially made pills, powders or syrups which come forward extra nutriment or medicinal benefits. For archetype, a very expensive ingredient is called resveratrol. The label requisite clearly carry the standing, propriety, and amount of every ingredient used. These companies entertain committed to conclusion creative, innovative ways to upon patients and accept care of medical conditions. You can buy a open edibles addendum which is valuable in anti-oxidants such as Resveracine or Quantity Vegg.

benefits of raspberry ketones and green tea 5rw1ap1 [url=http://certifiedraspberryketonesx.webs.com]where can i buy certified raspberry ketones[/url] bc2tm4 [url=http://naturalraspberryketonesf.webs.com]natural raspberry ketones dr oz[/url] kv4fe9 [url=http://raspberryketoneswork.webs.com]does raspberry ketones work for weight loss[/url] dt5ih0 [url=http://simplyraspberryketonesx.webs.com]simply raspberry ketones 500mg[/url] ll8yt3 [url=http://theraspberryketonespure.webs.com]pure raspberry ketones drops 500mg[/url] on1qe7 [url=http://raspberryketonesdo.webs.com]what does raspberry ketones do for you[/url] pc8zc8 [url=http://takeraspberryketones.webs.com]can you take raspberry ketones with phentermine[/url] tv4da1 [url=http://raspberryketones1234x.webs.com]raspberry ketones 1234 ingredients[/url] nn6yk7 [url=http://raspberryketonessafe.webs.com]is raspberry ketones safe for teenagers[/url] best raspberry ketones supplements 0on9as8

Anonymous said...

Our circumstance with the sundry chelated formulas available has shown that, in widespread, orotate and arginate forms of minerals devise the most powerful and the foremost mineral supplements. Both are showing farthest potential against diversified ailments, and there are scads who are already taking all expected dietary supplements which subsume curcumin and resveratrol. It is unquestionably available in vigorousness stores. The first aspect you should look at when it comes to a natural salubrity add on is how effective it is and what the ingredients included in it are. Look into articles in medical journals or articles written past doctors. Excess to imagine, the best suggestion seeking anyone misery from the latter well-disposed injure is to visit a doctor. When you secure basic fettle supplements it is respected to confirm that you take quality products.



green coffee bean extract diabetes co9bl1 green coffee bean extract capsules tt2nh6 where to buy green coffee bean extract locally fx2yo9 best green coffee bean extract reviews dh9ay4 resvitale green coffee bean pure extract 4 mg reviews ol5mu0 green coffee bean extract benefits side effects vt0dl5 pure green coffee bean extract ingredients if9ir1 green coffee bean extract safe while breastfeeding em1nx6 what dose of green coffee bean extract take mi9ez2 where to buy natural green coffee bean extract dg9ct4 is the green coffee bean extract safe xd8rm2

Anonymous said...

df3fo3 hgh energizer formula sq9ld3 http://buycheaphghenergizerhere.tumblr.com il0pj2 hgh energizer 4 sale oz4wk2

Anonymous said...

ea4ah8 xtreme no legit ql6wh0 buy xtreme no ej6zf6 xtreme no indonesia mi7qx4

Anonymous said...

lp5yb1 cheap xtreme no ge4lj6 xtreme no\muscle builder xtreme no li3mf8 xtreme no price ow9yb4

Anonymous said...

fc4gl6 garcinia cambogia natural zi6pg1 buy garcinia cambogia yk2xk0 garcinia cambogia pe jn5tb2

Anonymous said...

ur2db5 maqui berry for sale ic8yy8 buy maqui berry maqui berry tree io8ok4

Anonymous said...

xr1eb9 maqui berry research ch2sv4 maqui berry official website maqui berry singapore vr8af8

Anonymous said...

tb7hi4 maqui berry tree pictures rh0gf2 maqui berry official website maqui berry australia rt6if9

Anonymous said...

[url=http://aluejxfttk.com]Qeued[/url] , HSLNtdTlVqe - http://iluubcb.com

Anonymous said...

ro9kp0 cheap hgh energizer be1ur9 http://hghenergizeruser.tumblr.com dp1uz0 hgh energizer in the philippines gu2ee6

Anonymous said...

where can i buy raspberry ketones vitamins 3kp3ke6 raspberry ketones where can i buy 1 raspberry ketones 9au5td5

Anonymous said...

just stopping by to say hey

Anonymous said...

It's nearly impossible to find experienced people about this subject, however, you sound like you know what you're
talking about! Thanks

my site; lego city police Command center

Anonymous said...

infrared heaters are heaters the fact deliver heat merely by
heating up in addition element and radiating the heat into the room.
Steam Sweat Therapy can be a powerful healing plan that
is scarcely used in American Society.

Here is my homepage :: infrared heaters nashville tn

Anonymous said...

These funds are advanced for the time period 7 days. Unleveraged business loans may
very well be offered at a brand new high rate pertaining to interest as this particular loan is not just secured by
any collateral.

Feel free to visit my page ... pikavippi opr

Anonymous said...

It is appropriate time to make a few plans for the long run and it's time to be happy. I've learn this put up
and if I may I desire to suggest you some fascinating
things or tips. Maybe you can write subsequent articles referring to this article.

I wish to read more things about it!

Take a look at my blog post - does wartrol work

Anonymous said...

Way cool! Some very valid points! I appreciate you writing this article and the rest of the
site is really good.

my weblog; buy vigrx plus

Anonymous said...

Hmm it seems like your blog ate my first comment (it was extremely long) so I guess I'll just sum it up what I had written and say, I'm thoroughly enjoying your blog.

I too am an aspiring blog blogger but I'm still new to the whole thing. Do you have any recommendations for first-time blog writers? I'd genuinely appreciate it.


Visit my webpage ... Alteril Review

Anonymous said...

Hello! This is kind of off topic but I need some
guidance from an established blog. Is it very hard to set up your own blog?
I'm not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty fast. I'm thinking about creating my own but I'm not sure where to begin. Do you have any ideas or suggestions? Thank you

Feel free to visit my blog post :: where Can i buy semenax

Anonymous said...

I do not even know how I ended up here, but I thought this post was
great. I don't know who you are but certainly you are going to a famous blogger if you aren't already ;) Cheers!


my homepage ... varsity letterman jackets

Anonymous said...

Simply wish to say your article is as astonishing. The clearness in your post is just nice and i could
assume you're an expert on this subject. Fine with your permission allow me to grab your feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please carry on the enjoyable work.

Feel free to visit my weblog; niwawriters.net

Anonymous said...

I always used to read post in news papers but now
as I am a user of web so from now I am using net for posts, thanks to web.


Here is my web site; virility ex scam

Anonymous said...

Unquestionably believe that which you said. Your favorite justification
appeared to be on the internet the easiest thing to be aware of.
I say to you, I definitely get irked while people consider worries that
they plainly do not know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and defined out the
whole thing without having side effect ,
people can take a signal. Will likely be back to get more.
Thanks

Here is my web site - free Microsoft Points

Anonymous said...

Generally I do not read article on blogs, but I wish to say
that this write-up very forced me to take a look at and do
it! Your writing style has been surprised me.
Thank you, quite great post.

Review my blog :: mkhskfc.lk60131ai.1.ns2.foicucod.ro

Anonymous said...

Sweet blog! I found it while searching on
Yahoo News. Do you have any tips on how to get listed in Yahoo News?

I've been trying for a while but I never seem to get there! Thank you

Feel free to surf to my web page proactol review

Anonymous said...

Hey! I know this is somewhat off topic but I was wondering if you knew where I could
find a captcha plugin for my comment form? I'm using the same blog platform as yours and I'm having trouble finding one?
Thanks a lot!

My website erectile dysfunction treatment

Anonymous said...

Stunning story there. What occurred after? Take care!

Also visit my web-site ... Code Psn Gratuit

Anonymous said...

Attractive component to content. I just stumbled upon your website
and in accession capital to say that I acquire in fact
enjoyed account your blog posts. Any way I will be
subscribing in your feeds and even I fulfillment you access constantly quickly.



Here is my blog post ... world of tanks Hack

Anonymous said...

I'm gone to convey my little brother, that he should also go to see this blog on regular basis to obtain updated from latest reports.

my site Download 7Zip

Anonymous said...

Hello! This is my first visit to your blog! We are a team of volunteers and starting a new project in a community
in the same niche. Your blog provided us useful information to
work on. You have done a outstanding job!

my web-site - Minecraft Crack (Http://www.youtube.com)

Susan said...

Its an incredible joy perusing your post.Its brimming with data I am searching for and I want to post a remark that "The substance of your post is magnificent" Great work.
webstagram